Chapter 1: The Origins of Political Ideologies
The Cave: The Illusion and Reality of Education
Freedom and Force
What is Ideology?
Ideology and other forms of political theory
Ideology's Distinguishing Features
Mass Appeal and Movements
Leadership Roles
Why Study Ideologies?
Ideology and Action - A Constitutive and Hermeneutic View
The Ongoing Competition for Hearts and Minds
Why Unpopular Ideas? Mill on Toleration
Become a "True Believer"
Suggested Readings
Chapter 2: Liberalism and Conservatism
Introduction
Preliberal Society
Modernity
Religion and Modernity
Liberal Modernity
Liberalism: The Ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
Liberalism's truths of human nature
The Hobbesian View
The Lockean View
Radical Individualism and Self-Interest
The Relationship between Liberalism and Capitalism
Seeds of Liberal Democracy
Conservatism
Classical conservatism
Edmund Burke
Contemporary Political Conservatism and American Neoconservatism
Liberalism, Conservatism, Imperialism, and Colonialism
Suggested Readings
Chapter 3: Liberalism and the Dilemmas of Democratic Equality in the United States
Introduction
The American Context: 'Born Equal'
Participation: A Basic Value
James Madison and the Constitution of 1787
Madison's View of Humanity
The Problem of Factions
Madisonian Politics: Ambition Counteracting Ambition
Restraints on Majority Tyranny
Control Through Representation
Control Through Institutions
Other Devices of Control
Madison's Remedy: Liberal or Liberal Democratic?
Criticisms of Madison's System: Republic and/or Democracy?
Madison's View of Suffrage
Majoritarianism and Dilemmas of Democracy in the United States
The Popular and Imperial Role of the Presidency
Diminishing Liberty in the Political Process through Ideological Domination
Shrinking Area of Private Action
Majoritarianism in the British Tradition
The Tension Between Liberty and Equality
The Meaning of Democracy
Elite Theory in Modern Liberal Thought
Power-Elite Analysis
The Power of Money
Shortcomings of Elitist Analysis
Normative Democratic Elitism
The "Irony of Democracy"
Contesting Liberty and Justice: John Rawls and Robert Nozick
Suggested Readings
Chapter 4: Liberalism: Alternative Visions
Introduction
Jean Jacques Rousseau's State of Nature
The Natural Condition Reconsidered
The Origins of Inequality
The Social Contract
Thomas Jefferson's Self-Evident Truths
Jeffersonian Government
Purpose of Ward-Republics
Property: Economic and Political Freedom
Happiness: The Ultimate Good
Jefferson's View of Humanity
Jeffersonian Politics
John Dewey and The Liberal Tradition
Reconstruction in Philosophy
Face-to-Face Democracy
Economics and the Common Man
Final Thoughts on Liberal Democracy
Suggested Readings
Chapter 5: Marxism
Introduction
An Audacious Revolutionary Vision
Karl Marx
Marx's Writing and the "Real" Marx
Hegel's Philosophy and Politics
Transforming Logic
Hegel on Labor and History
Hegel's Political Theory
Critics of Hegel: Feuerbach and Marx
Marx and Engels on the Human Condition
Labor Revisited
Alienation
History and Development of Capitalism
The Significance of Class Analysis
The Progress of Humanity
Marx's View of the Bourgeois Class
The Capitalist Economic System: Its Decline and Fall
Labor Value and Surplus Value
Competition for Profits, Misery, and Monopoly
Revolution
Communism
Suggested Readings
Chapter 6: Marxism After Marx: Leninism, Maoism, and the 21st Century
Introduction
The Divisions within Marxism in Europe
The Readiness of the Proletariat
Why No Revolution?
Leninism
Lenin's Life
Revolutionary Leadership and the Party
The Doctrine of Permanent Revolution
The State and Revolution
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
The Theory of Imperialism
Wars of National Liberation
From Leninism to Totalitarianism
Stalin's Rise to Power
Marxism-Leninism- Stalinism
The World's First Totalitarian State
Under Lenin's Shadow: De-Stalinization to Perestroika
Perestroika
A Newer Socialist International
The Fall
Chinese Praxis: The Political Thought of Mao Zedong
The Life of Mao Zedong
Imperialism and Mao's Rural Strategy
China's Path to Socialism
Mao on Contradiction
The PRC and the USSR
Revisionists and "Paper Tigers"
Mao As Symbol and Cultural Revolutionary
China after Mao
The Rule of Deng Xiaoping
Tiananmen Square
China Today
Final Reflections on Marxism
Suggested Readings
Chapter 7: Fascism
Introduction: The Difficulties of Studying Fascism as a Political Ideology
Evolution of the Doctrine
Il Duce Benito Mussolini
Voluntarism
Characteristics of Fascism
The Nation-State
Anti-Liberalism
Anti-Marxism
Corporativism (or Corporatism)
National Goals, Elitism, and Leadership
Fascist Violence
Fascist Communication
Fascism and Race
Racism
Italian Fascism and Race
Fascist Traits
Suggested Readings
Chapter 8: National Socialism
Introduction
German Romanticism
Emotionalism versus Rationalism
Racism
Influence of Richard Wagner
Emphasis on Aryan Leadership
Historical Anti-Semitism and Nazi Ideology
Adolph Hitler: Race, Leadership, and the Nationalist-Socialist State
Hitler's Life and Context
Mystical Exchange of Spiritual Energy
Propaganda, Bureaucracy, Economy
Racist Internationalism
Nazism, Reason, and Modernity
Final Thoughts on Nazism
Suggested Readings
Chapter 9: Theopolitics and Islamism (I): Philosophical, Ideological and Historical Contexts
Introduction: Secular Ideologies and Theopolitics
Theopolitical Ideologies as Modern Ideologies
The Significance of Modernity
Challenging Assumptions of "Secular" Modernity
Reasons for Studying Islamism
The Rise of Islamisms in Global Politics
Need for Improved Global Understanding
Islam as an Abrahamic Tradition
Basic Beliefs and Values of Islam
Politics and Struggle (Jihad) in Early Islam
Leadership and Authority after Muhammad
The Significance of Ali and Hussein
Sunnism and Shiism
The Question of Sectarianism in Islam
The Growth of Islam
Suggested Readings
Chapter 10: Theopolitics and Islamism (II): Resurgent Islamism
Introduction
Orientalism
Criticisms of Edward Said
Modernity and Cultural Imperialism
Effects of Consumer Capitalism
Weststruckness/Westoxication
Different Tendencies
Puritanical and Reformist
Islamic Reform/Modernity
Differing Strategies
A Participatory Case: Turkey's Laicist Politics
A Revolutionary Case: The Iranian Revolution
Islamist politics in Iraq after the American Invasion
Comparative Ideological Reflections and the Question of Islamic 'Totality'
Islamism and Fascism
Religion and State
Suggested Readings
Chapter 11: Ideological Conflict in the Twenty-First Century
An End to Ideology?
Freedom
Globalization
Violence
Shadows of Things that Will (or Could) Be: Some Final Thoughts
Keeping the Conversations Going
Suggested Readings
