1. The Power of Difference:
The Need to Forge Human Connections
Introduction
Gender as a Social Category
Why Gender?
Sex, Gender, and Difference
Feminist Values
Gender Differences and Power
Male Privilege
Female Oppression
Systems of Inequality
Consequences of Gender Difference
Dissimilarity: Normal versus Deficient
"Other": Stereotyping and Disrupted Contact
Unusualness: Disrupted Connection
Chapter Summary
What Lies Ahead
Suggested Readings
2. Transforming Psychology:
There's No Turning Back
Introduction
History: Rewinding the Videotape
Psychology and Women
The Psychology of Women: Historical Perspectives and Trends
Psychology of Women Today: Pressing Pause
Contemporary Perspectives and Trends
Within the Discipline of Psychology
Feminist Research: Playing Forward
Decisions, Decisions
Innovations in Research
Feminist Approaches to Doing Research
Intersectionality: Diversity in Feminist Research
What We Know About Gender Differences
Where We Look for Differences
Overlooking Similarity
Declaring Difference
Summarizing Data
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
3. Sex&Gender&Sexuality:
Intersecting Continua
Sex, Gender, and Intersexuality
Typical Reproductive Development
Intersexed Development
Biological Bases for Difference
Hormones
Childhood Behaviors
Core Gender Identity
Sexual Orientation
Social Variables
Cognitive Abilities
Summary
Sexed Brains
Brain Size
Brain Structures and Functions
Evolutionary Psychology
Mate Selection
Relational Jealousy
Male Dominance
Feminism and Evolutionary Psychology
Biology, Difference, and Power
Folk Wisdom about Causality, Determinism, and Control
Behavior Affects Biology
Language: The Power to Name
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
4. Growing Up:
Learning to Be Ourselves in a Gender-Polarized World
Difference: Girls Will Be Girls...
Beliefs about Gender
Gender Identity
Preferences
Behavioral Enactment
Explaining Differences
Children's Relationships: Psychoanalysis
Children's Learning: Socialization Theories
Social Cognitive Theory
Building One's Gender Schema
Self-Regulation and Efficacy
Gendered Culture
Differential Treatment by Socializing Agents
Parents and Families
Schools and Teachers
Peers
Media
Dynamic Learning
An Integrated Understanding
Breaking the Cycle
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
5. Changes Across the Life Course:
Women's Lives from Adolescence through Old Age
Introduction
Aging Across the Life Course
Gender Identity Across the Life Course
Goals for a Life Course Analysis
Adolescence
Self-Esteem
Identity Formation
Social Development
Future Planning
Young Adulthood: Choosing Motherhood?
Midlife: Ups and Downs
Biological Decline?
Not Finished at
Later Maturity and Older Women: Ups and Downs
Retirement and Financial Security
Widowhood
Health and Well-Being
Positive Aging
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
6. Individuals and Social Contexts:
Looking Beyond Gender Differences
Introduction
An Example: Empathetic Accuracy
Intragroup Diversity
Cognitive Abilities: The SAT-M
Personality Traits
Individual Differences
Femininity, Masculinity, and Androgyny
Gender-Stereotype Accuracy
Conformity to Feminine Norms
Social Context
Causes and Consequences of Difference
Thinking Intuitively about Social Context
The Logic of Social Contextual Explanations
The Impact of Social Contexts on Women and Men
Stereotyping about Social Variables
Stereotyping Roles and Occupations
Status and Social Context
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
7. Sexism:
Sexist Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination
Introduction
Gender Stereotypes
The Contents of Gender Stereotypes
The Myth of the Generic Woman
Sexist Stereotyping
From Stereotypes to Stereotyping
The Evaluative Meaning of Stereotyping
Warmth or Competence
Sexist Prejudice
Explicit and Implicit Attitudes
Ambivalent Sexism
Perpetuating Sexist Stereotyping
Media
Language
Expectancies and Behavior
Reducing Stereotyping
Sexist Discrimination
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
8. Women's Multiple Roles:
Achieving Satisfaction in Close Relationships
Multiple Roles
Burnout AND Enhancement?
Role Quality and Meaning
Individual and Structural Coping
Close Relationships
Defining Close Relationships
Gender or Stereotyping?
Friendships
Gender Stereotyping
Friendships between Women
"Cross" Friendships
Romantic Attachments
Romance Ideology
Becoming Partnered: Dating
Being Partnered
Caregiving
General Patterns
Images of Mothers
The Supermom and Nonparental Childcare
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
9. Multiple Roles Continued:
Work, Wages, and Closing the Gap
Work Values
The Wage Gap
Dismissed and Ruled Out Explanations
Occupational Segregation and the Wage Gap
The Gendering of Work
Family-to -Work Conflict
Tokenism
"Unsocialized" Women
Hiring Bias
Job Queues, Gender Queues
The Gendering of Pay
Self-Promotion and Negotiation
Leadership
Mentoring
Perceived Competence
Gender Role Orientation
Sexist Discrimination
Closing the Wage Gap
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
10. Women's Bodies:
Objects of Appearance
Introduction
Gender Differences in Body Image
Body Ideals and Body Dissatisfaction
Objectification Theory
What Is Self-Objectification?
Objectification Theory Targets Women
Cultural Practices Targeting Women
The Sexualized Gaze
Comments and "Fat Talk"
Sexualized Media
Potential Moderators
Age
Race/Ethnicity
Sexual Orientation
Consequences of Self-Objectification
Psychological Consequences
Health Threats
Self-Objectification as a Moderator
Resisting Self-Objectification
Individual Resistance
Contexts That Promote Resistance
Body Politics and Power
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
11. Women's Physical Health and Well-Being:
Understudied, Mythologized, but Changing
Introduction
Health Psychology
Gender as a Marker
Mortality and Morbidity
Women's Sexuality
"Machines without Motors"?
Attitudes and Behaviors: A Double Standard?
Consequences of the Remaining Double Standard
Women's Sexual Well-Being
Reproductive Health
The Case of Breast Cancer
Menstruation
Childbirth
Miscarriage
Abortion
Conclusion
Chronic Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
HIV/AIDS
Health Care Practice
Surgeries
Health Care Policy
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
12. Women's Mental Health and Well-Being:
From "Mental Disorders" to Feminist Practice
Introduction
Diagnosis: The DSM-IV
Gendered Patterns in DSM Diagnoses
DSM Definitions
What's Pathological?
What's "Normal"?
Not All Biology
Not All Intrapsychic
Stereotyping and DSM Definitions
Stereotyping and Therapists' Judgments
Neglected Contextual Factors
The Theory of Feminist Practice
Principles for Doing Feminist Psychotherapy
Summary of Therapy Theory
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
13. Male Violence Against Girls and Women:
Linking Fears of Violence, Harassment, Rape, and Abuse
Introduction
Defining and Talking About Violence
Definitions of Violence as Experienced
Perceptions of Violence
Naming Violence
Section Summary
Incidence and Prevalence
Sexual Harassment
Rape and Sexual Assault
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA)
Invisibility and Invalidation
Excusing Perpetrators
Self-Blame and Shame
Cognitive Coping Strategies
Minimization of Violence
Section Summary
Consequences
Physical Sequelae
Psychological Sequelae
Unique Consequences
Consequences for All Women
Challenging Gender-based Violence
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
14. Making a Difference:
Transforming Ourselves, Our Relationships, and Our ociety
Introduction
Power and Empowerment
Personal Empowerment
Gender-Role Transcendence
Feminist Identity
Empowered Relationships
Heterosexual Dating
Heterosexual Marriage
On the Job
Responses to Violence
Activism
Definition and History
Being an Activist
Suggested Readings
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
